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The AP ® Learning Objectives listed in the Curriculum Framework provide a transparent foundation for the AP ® Biology course, an inquiry-based laboratory experience, instructional activities, and AP ® exam questions. Information presented and the examples highlighted in the section support concepts outlined in Big Idea 4 of the AP ® Biology Curriculum Framework. The enzyme acetylcholinesterase removes lingering acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft. The muscle contracts until the nerve impulse stops and Ca 2+ returns to its storage sites. When Ca 2+ is released in response to the change in voltage, it binds to actin, causing actin filaments to shift position and revealing myosin binding sites for the cross-bridges. Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the plasma membrane (sarcolemma) of the muscle fiber, allowing an action potential to move to the endoplasmic reticulum where calcium ions are stored. Nerve impulses traveling down motor neurons cause the release of the acetylcholine from vesicles in the axon terminus into the synapse between the neuron and the muscle fiber. However, contraction requires a signal from the nervous system (excitation-contraction coupling). ATP produced in cellular respiration provides the energy needed for contraction.
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The binding of myosin to actin causes the actin filaments to slide, shortening the muscle fiber. In the sliding filament model of muscle contraction, the thicker myosin filaments have cross-bridges that attach and detach to thinner actin filaments. (The body also contains specialized smooth and cardiac muscle tissue.) In addition to the collection of organelles typical of eukaryotic cells, each muscle fiber contains myofibrils, which, in turn, consist of arrangements of protein filaments called actin and myosin. There are approximately 650 skeletal muscles in the human body, each of which is composed of muscle fibers. The activities at the neuromuscular junction are similar to the activities occurring at the synapses between neurons. Muscles move bones, and, in turn, muscle contraction is dependent upon input from the nervous systems. What is the role of muscle contraction in locomotion?.What are the different types of muscle tissue?.Carlson has received both the Elizabeth Crosby Teaching Award and the Kaiser-Permanente Teaching Award from the University of Michigan Medical School.In this section, you will explore the following questions:
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Additional honors include the AAAS Newcomb-Cleveland Prize, membership in the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, and the Henry Gray Award of the American Association of Anatomists. Carlson has served as president of the American Association of Anatomists, and president of the Association of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Neurobiology Chairpersons.
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Carlson is the author of more than fifteen book publications including several books published by Elsevier (Human Embryology and Developmental Biology 1-5/e, Principles of Regenerative Biology, repurposed embryology and physiology texts for Elsevier’s digital Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences in 2014).ĭr. Carlson serves as Professor Emeritus of Anatomy in the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology in the University of Michigan Medical School in Ann Arbor. This is a must-have reference for students, researchers and practitioners in need of a comprehensive overview of muscle biology.
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The book discusses both normal and abnormal changes in the muscle, the mechanisms behind those changes and how to mitigate deleterious changes from disease, 'normal' aging, and disuse/lack of physical activity. Muscle Biology begins with a brief review about the structure and function of a normal mature muscle and then proceeds to follow the developmental history of a muscle from the embryo to old age in a manner that gives the reader a perspective about not only developmental controls but also how at any stage of development a muscle is able to adapt to its functional environment. Chapters on both muscle regeneration and muscle diseases emphasize the possibilities and limitsations of the healing capacity of muscle fibers. Injury occurs to muscle during normal activity, after trauma, and during the source of certain diseases. Muscle Biology: The Life History of a Muscle looks at the story of a muscle from its embryonic beginnings, through its growth and ability to adapt to changing functional circumstances during adult life, to its eventual decline in both structure and function as old age progresses.